Turkey
This National Integrity System Assessment provides a comprehensive overview of Türkiye’s institutional framework, focusing on its capacity to operate effectively, adherence to good governance principles, and effectiveness in combating corruption. The analysis highlights both systemic weaknesses and specific institutional issues. Out of the 15 institutions evaluated, 12 were categorized as “weak,” one as “very weak,” with only two achieving a “moderate” rating.
Key Findings
The NIS assessment demonstrates that the national integrity system performs weakly as corruption and integrity risks are present in all 15 pillars. None of the institutions scored above 50 out of 100. Moreover, 13 institutions out of 15 pillars have been classified as weak with scores lower than 40. The assessment indicates that while capacity, including human and technical resources and the legal framework for governance, shows moderate results, the performance in areas like independence, accountability, and gender is notably lower, both in terms of the laws and their practical implementation.
The weakest institutions in Türkiye’s national integrity system are the anti-corruption agency (8), media (24), and state-owned enterprises (24). These institutions face significant challenges due to political interference, lack of independence, and insufficient resources. There is no dedicated anti-corruption body in Türkiye, and the State Supervisory Council, the closest equivalent, lacks a specific mandate for anti-corruption efforts. It reports directly to the President, raising concerns about its independence and ability to function effectively. Furthermore, the dissolution of the Prime Ministry Inspection Board, which previously handled anti-corruption coordination, has left a significant gap in the country’s anti-corruption framework.
Türkiye’s media landscape faces challenges in maintaining integrity due to concentrated ownership among politically connected conglomerates, which undermines independence and fosters self-censorship. Additionally, restrictive regulations and increased government control over media platforms hinder transparency and limit freedom of expression.
State-owned enterprises (SOEs) demonstrate limited transparency, as many are not required to disclose financial or activity reports. The Türkiye Wealth Fund, which controls key SOEs, operates with minimal oversight and is exempt from the Court of Accounts audits. Additionally, the absence of anti-corruption mandates and political influence over appointments and decision-making processes further weakens governance and accountability.
The business sector (37.5) faces significant bureaucratic obstacles, inconsistencies in legislation, and pervasive political interference. Despite a moderate legal framework supporting corporate governance and transparency, extensive bureaucratic processes, opaque administration, and misaligned regulations create operational barriers. Additionally, the transition to a presidential system has heightened political influence on business, leading to concerns over crony capitalism, social inequality, and dominance of key sectors like energy, transportation, and construction. These factors, coupled with limited oversight and transparency challenges, undermine the sector’s integrity and accountability.
On the other hand, the relatively strongest pillars in the NIS Assessment are Supreme Audit Institution (Turkish Court of Accounts, 46) and civil society (41). The Turkish Court of Accounts (TCA) continues its role in auditing public finances and exercising judicial functions, which reflect its foundational purpose and legal independence. However, the decline in audit findings, the weakening of report content, increasing political influence in recruitment processes, and a shift away from performance auditing have compromised its effectiveness in promoting transparency and accountability in the public sector. On the other hand, civil society actors face significant challenges, including legal constraints, government interference and selective involvement in policymaking, which limit their ability to operate freely and effectively. However, the sector remains resilient, with active participation in social movements, particularly in areas like women’s rights and disaster relief.
The Turkish National Police (TNP, 34.5), the public prosecutor (33) and the judiciary (37.5) are the legally authorised bodies to fight criminal acts. Thus, they are supposed to represent the state's action in the fight against corruption. However, their assessment indicates that inadequate transparency, accountability and integrity mechanisms and the existence of channels for political interference, particularly from the executive, have an immediate negative impact on their functioning in the national integrity system.
The executive’s dominance over all the assessed pillars was further bolstered by the 2017 constitutional referendum, which replaced the parliamentary system with the presidential system. Even prior to the referendum, the nation had witnessed a concentration of power in the executive. The shift in the political system further extended the executive overreach, marginalised the role of parliament, and propelled the country towards an authoritarian trajectory. The executive’s sway over various institutions, including the legislature, judiciary, ombudsman, and media, reflects a substantial erosion of the rule of law and democratic processes. The centralisation of power in the executive hampers the effective participation of civil actors (media, business, civil society organisations) in anti-corruption efforts.
National Integrity System
- Capacity
- Governance
- Role
-
32
503213Legislature
-
37
671825Executive
-
37
444325Judiciary
-
33
314325Public Prosecutor
-
37
424325Public Sector
-
35
502925Law Enforcement Agencies
-
34
422534Electoral Management Body
-
40
423938Ombudsperson
-
45
503947Supreme Audit Institutions
-
8
1348Anti-corruption Agency
-
35
384325Political Parties
-
24
192132Media
-
41
315042Civil Society
-
37
444325Business
-
21
2517State-owned Enterprises
Overview recommendations (45)
-
Fully implemented3Recommendations
-
Partly implemented4Recommendations
-
Not implemented38Recommendations
-
No data0Recommendations
NIS Pillars
- 0Fully implemented
- 1Partly implemented
- 2Not implemented
- 0No data
Last update 08 April 2025
-
Not implemented
Establish an Anti-Corruption Commission with sanctioning power to investigate public officials.
No legislative or procedural action has been taken to establish an Anti-Corruption Commission with investigative powers. Despite recurring recommendations and public pressure, there is no draft legislation in the Grand National Assembly addressing this need as of April 2025.
Last update 28 March 2025
-
Not implemented
Amend the law to exclude corruption allegations from the scope of parliamentary immunity.
The Turkish Constitution still allows broad protection for MPs, including in corruption-related matters. The controversial Article 14 exemption is still in force, and no reform has been initiated in this regard.
Last update 28 March 2025
-
Partly implemented
Mandate public disclosure of MPs' asset declarations.
MPs are still required to submit asset declarations to the internal bodies of Parliament, but these are not available to the public, and no oversight body independently verifies the content of these declarations. A new proposal was introduced by the opposition to mandate disclosure of MPs’ asset declarations: https://halktv.com.tr/gundem/chpden-malvarligi-resti-kanun-teklifi-verdiler-927982h
Last update 08 April 2025
- 3Fully implemented
- 0Partly implemented
- 0Not implemented
- 0No data
Last update 28 March 2025
-
Fully implemented
Implement FATF recommendations to exit the grey list through legal reform.
Türkiye was removed from the FATF grey list on June 28, 2024, following the implementation of reforms including establishing specialised courts and restructuring MASAK. FATF's official statement confirms this progress. Source: https://www.fatf-gafi.org/en/publications/High-risk-and-other-monitored-jurisdictions/Turkiye-june-2024.html
Last update 28 March 2025
-
Fully implemented
Implement FATF recommendations to exit the grey list through legal reform.
Türkiye was removed from the FATF grey list on June 28, 2024, following the implementation of reforms including establishing specialised courts and restructuring MASAK. FATF's official statement confirms this progress. Source: https://www.fatf-gafi.org/en/publications/High-risk-and-other-monitored-jurisdictions/Turkiye-june-2024.html
Last update 28 March 2025
-
Fully implemented
Implement FATF recommendations to exit the grey list through legal reform.
Türkiye was removed from the FATF grey list on June 28, 2024, following the implementation of reforms including establishing specialised courts and restructuring MASAK. FATF's official statement confirms this progress. Source: https://www.fatf-gafi.org/en/publications/High-risk-and-other-monitored-jurisdictions/Turkiye-june-2024.html
Last update 28 March 2025
- 0Fully implemented
- 0Partly implemented
- 3Not implemented
- 0No data
Last update 28 March 2025
-
Not implemented
Amend the law to ensure independence of the Council of Judges and Prosecutors from the executive.
The executive still appoints a majority of the Council of Judges and Prosecutors' members, enabling political influence over judicial appointments and promotions. No reforms have been initiated.
Last update 28 March 2025
-
Not implemented
Introduce transparent appointment and promotion procedures for judges.
The appointment of judges remains opaque, with evidence of political favoritism. No transparent scoring or open competition mechanisms have been introduced.
Last update 28 March 2025
-
Not implemented
Ensure enforcement of Constitutional Court decisions by lower courts.
Recent high-profile cases, such as that of Can Atalay, show that lower courts actively resist the implementation of Constitutional Court rulings. This undermines rule of law and has not been addressed by reforms.
Last update 28 March 2025
- 0Fully implemented
- 0Partly implemented
- 3Not implemented
- 0No data
Last update 28 March 2025
-
Not implemented
Ensure full independence of prosecutors from the Ministry of Justice.
The appointment and disciplinary control of prosecutors remains under the influence of the Ministry of Justice. No steps have been taken to create an independent prosecutorial council.
Last update 28 March 2025
-
Not implemented
Establish clear case allocation criteria to prevent political manipulation.
Prosecutorial case assignment remains discretionary, and there are credible allegations of politically motivated prosecutions and inaction in grand corruption cases.
Last update 28 March 2025
-
Not implemented
Strengthen whistleblower protection laws to support reporting to prosecutors.
There is no comprehensive whistleblower protection law in Türkiye, and reporting channels to prosecutors remain insecure, discouraging public disclosures.
Last update 28 March 2025
- 0Fully implemented
- 1Partly implemented
- 2Not implemented
- 0No data
Last update 28 March 2025
-
Partly implemented
Amend the Public Procurement Law to reduce exceptions and ensure transparency.
While discussions on procurement reforms have been raised, the number of exceptions in the Public Procurement Law remains high, and new exceptions continue to be introduced.
Last update 28 March 2025
-
Not implemented
Publish all procurement data on a central, open-access platform.
Despite the legal requirement to publish data, procurement platforms remain fragmented and lack comprehensive or user-friendly open data on all contracts.
Last update 28 March 2025
-
Not implemented
Guarantee independence of the Public Procurement Authority through transparent appointments.
The Public Procurement Authority’s leadership continues to be appointed through executive discretion, with no open selection or parliamentary oversight.
Last update 28 March 2025
- 0Fully implemented
- 0Partly implemented
- 3Not implemented
- 0No data
Last update 28 March 2025
-
Not implemented
Ensure merit-based recruitment and promotions within law enforcement bodies.
Recruitment and promotion processes remain opaque, with reports of political influence. No reform has been implemented to introduce transparent merit-based mechanisms.
Last update 28 March 2025
-
Not implemented
Introduce judicial oversight of key law enforcement decisions.
There is no independent mechanism or court oversight of key operational decisions by law enforcement, limiting accountability in corruption-related cases.
Last update 28 March 2025
-
Not implemented
Publish regular performance and accountability reports.
Law enforcement agencies do not publish transparent data on misconduct cases or their response to corruption-related enforcement.
Last update 28 March 2025
- 0Fully implemented
- 0Partly implemented
- 3Not implemented
- 0No data
Last update 28 March 2025
-
Not implemented
Reform the appointment process of Supreme Board of Elections members to ensure independence.
Members are still appointed by the President, with no parliamentary or civil society input, affecting independence perceptions.
Last update 28 March 2025
-
Not implemented
Publish all election-related decisions and justifications.
While some decisions are shared online, major rulings and justifications—especially controversial ones—often remain inaccessible.
Last update 28 March 2025
-
Not implemented
Ensure real-time transparency in voter registration and result tabulation.
Although preliminary data is provided, there is no open data portal or external auditing of vote tabulation systems.
Last update 28 March 2025
- 0Fully implemented
- 0Partly implemented
- 3Not implemented
- 0No data
Last update 28 March 2025
-
Not implemented
Make the Ombudsperson election process transparent and independent.
Appointments remain under political control, with no clear criteria or public participation in candidate selection.
Last update 28 March 2025
-
Not implemented
Extend the Ombudsperson’s mandate to cover all human rights violations.
Current mandate excludes politically sensitive topics and does not include full human rights scope such as gender-based violence.
Last update 28 March 2025
-
Not implemented
Grant the Ombudsperson enforcement powers.
The office may issue recommendations, but these are non-binding and often ignored by authorities. No enforcement mandate exists.
Last update 28 March 2025
- 0Fully implemented
- 1Partly implemented
- 2Not implemented
- 0No data
Last update 28 March 2025
-
Not implemented
Audit all public institutions, including SOEs and Türkiye Wealth Fund.
The TCA cannot audit Türkiye Wealth Fund and many SOEs, and legislative changes to expand audit scope have not occurred.
Last update 28 March 2025
-
Partly implemented
Publish audit reports on time and ensure easy public access.
While the TCA publishes reports on its website, they often lack detail and are not published promptly. Some reports are accessible here: https://www.sayistay.gov.tr/tr/raporlar
Last update 28 March 2025
-
Not implemented
Introduce parliamentary oversight over audit findings.
There is no specialized parliamentary committee systematically reviewing TCA findings. Discussions are limited or politically influenced.
Last update 28 March 2025
- 0Fully implemented
- 0Partly implemented
- 3Not implemented
- 0No data
Last update 28 March 2025
-
Not implemented
Establish a dedicated, independent ACA with investigative and prosecutorial powers.
Türkiye lacks an independent anti-corruption agency. The State Supervisory Council operates under presidential authority and lacks a clear anti-corruption mandate.
Last update 28 March 2025
-
Not implemented
Define anti-corruption responsibilities under Presidential Decree No. 5.
The current decree does not provide a distinct anti-corruption role for any specific body. No amendments have been proposed.
Last update 28 March 2025
-
Not implemented
Ensure full independence and sufficient resourcing of the ACA.
No progress has been made. No institution with a dedicated budget and staffing exists to carry out anti-corruption work independently.
Last update 28 March 2025
- 0Fully implemented
- 0Partly implemented
- 3Not implemented
- 0No data
Last update 28 March 2025
-
Not implemented
Mandate annual financial reporting by political parties on their websites.
Parties are not legally required to publish financial statements, and oversight by the Court of Accounts is limited.
Last update 28 March 2025
-
Not implemented
Ensure campaign financing is regulated and audited.
No campaign finance law exists with disclosure requirements. Campaign funding continues to operate without meaningful oversight.
Last update 28 March 2025
-
Not implemented
Adopt internal ethics and anti-corruption rules within party structures.
Most parties do not maintain codes of ethics, and there are no publicly available enforcement mechanisms.
Last update 28 March 2025
- 0Fully implemented
- 0Partly implemented
- 3Not implemented
- 0No data
Last update 28 March 2025
-
Not implemented
Prevent cross-ownership by regulating corporate media structures.
Cross-ownership between media and politically connected business groups remains unchecked. No law addresses this risk.
Last update 28 March 2025
-
Not implemented
Ensure transparency of media ownership.
No public registry or requirement for owners to disclose business interests exists. Citizens cannot verify ownership.
Last update 28 March 2025
-
Not implemented
Protect journalists from legal harassment and politically motivated lawsuits.
Dozens of journalists face charges under anti-terror laws and defamation rules. No protections have been introduced.
Last update 28 March 2025
- 0Fully implemented
- 1Partly implemented
- 2Not implemented
- 0No data
Last update 28 March 2025
-
Not implemented
Remove restrictions on CSO registration, operation and foreign funding.
The 2020 Law on Associations still imposes undue burdens. Authorities can suspend or fine CSOs arbitrarily.
Last update 28 March 2025
-
Partly implemented
Include CSOs in policymaking consultations by law.
Some ministries occasionally hold consultative meetings with selected CSOs. However, there is no formal, law-mandated mechanism to ensure consistent participation. Example initiative: https://siviltoplumseferberligi.org/
Last update 28 March 2025
-
Not implemented
Establish transparent, merit-based grant allocation mechanisms for CSOs.
Public grant allocations to CSOs remain opaque and subject to political favouritism.
Last update 28 March 2025
- 0Fully implemented
- 0Partly implemented
- 3Not implemented
- 0No data
Last update 28 March 2025
-
Not implemented
Introduce corporate liability for corruption through legislation.
There is no law holding companies accountable for bribery or other corrupt practices. Liability applies only to individuals.
Last update 28 March 2025
-
Not implemented
Mandate internal compliance programs for companies operating in high-risk sectors.
There are no legal requirements for anti-corruption programs in sectors like construction, energy, or mining.
Last update 28 March 2025
-
Not implemented
Offer whistleblower protections to private sector employees.
Whistleblowers face risk of retaliation. No protective legal framework exists for corporate employees disclosing corruption.
Last update 28 March 2025
- 0Fully implemented
- 0Partly implemented
- 3Not implemented
- 0No data
Last update 28 March 2025
-
Not implemented
Publish financial and operational reports for all SOEs.
Most SOEs are not obligated to disclose financial information. The Türkiye Wealth Fund is exempt from Court of Accounts audits.
Last update 28 March 2025
-
Not implemented
Ensure political neutrality in board appointments.
Appointments are made by presidential decree without transparency. Boards are filled with politically aligned individuals.
Last update 28 March 2025
-
Not implemented
Subject SOEs to the same procurement and audit laws as public institutions.
SOEs remain exempt from many procurement regulations, creating space for unchecked spending and corruption.
Last update 28 March 2025
All recommendations
-
Fully implemented
Implement FATF recommendations to exit the grey list through legal reform.
Türkiye was removed from the FATF grey list on June 28, 2024, following the implementation of reforms including establishing specialised courts and restructuring MASAK. FATF's official statement confirms this progress. Source: https://www.fatf-gafi.org/en/publications/High-risk-and-other-monitored-jurisdictions/Turkiye-june-2024.html
Last update 28 March 2025
-
Fully implemented
Implement FATF recommendations to exit the grey list through legal reform.
Türkiye was removed from the FATF grey list on June 28, 2024, following the implementation of reforms including establishing specialised courts and restructuring MASAK. FATF's official statement confirms this progress. Source: https://www.fatf-gafi.org/en/publications/High-risk-and-other-monitored-jurisdictions/Turkiye-june-2024.html
Last update 28 March 2025
-
Fully implemented
Implement FATF recommendations to exit the grey list through legal reform.
Türkiye was removed from the FATF grey list on June 28, 2024, following the implementation of reforms including establishing specialised courts and restructuring MASAK. FATF's official statement confirms this progress. Source: https://www.fatf-gafi.org/en/publications/High-risk-and-other-monitored-jurisdictions/Turkiye-june-2024.html
Last update 28 March 2025
-
Partly implemented
Mandate public disclosure of MPs' asset declarations.
MPs are still required to submit asset declarations to the internal bodies of Parliament, but these are not available to the public, and no oversight body independently verifies the content of these declarations. A new proposal was introduced by the opposition to mandate disclosure of MPs’ asset declarations: https://halktv.com.tr/gundem/chpden-malvarligi-resti-kanun-teklifi-verdiler-927982h
Last update 08 April 2025
-
Partly implemented
Amend the Public Procurement Law to reduce exceptions and ensure transparency.
While discussions on procurement reforms have been raised, the number of exceptions in the Public Procurement Law remains high, and new exceptions continue to be introduced.
Last update 28 March 2025
-
Partly implemented
Publish audit reports on time and ensure easy public access.
While the TCA publishes reports on its website, they often lack detail and are not published promptly. Some reports are accessible here: https://www.sayistay.gov.tr/tr/raporlar
Last update 28 March 2025
-
Partly implemented
Include CSOs in policymaking consultations by law.
Some ministries occasionally hold consultative meetings with selected CSOs. However, there is no formal, law-mandated mechanism to ensure consistent participation. Example initiative: https://siviltoplumseferberligi.org/
Last update 28 March 2025
-
Not implemented
Establish an Anti-Corruption Commission with sanctioning power to investigate public officials.
No legislative or procedural action has been taken to establish an Anti-Corruption Commission with investigative powers. Despite recurring recommendations and public pressure, there is no draft legislation in the Grand National Assembly addressing this need as of April 2025.
Last update 28 March 2025
-
Not implemented
Amend the law to exclude corruption allegations from the scope of parliamentary immunity.
The Turkish Constitution still allows broad protection for MPs, including in corruption-related matters. The controversial Article 14 exemption is still in force, and no reform has been initiated in this regard.
Last update 28 March 2025
-
Not implemented
Amend the law to ensure independence of the Council of Judges and Prosecutors from the executive.
The executive still appoints a majority of the Council of Judges and Prosecutors' members, enabling political influence over judicial appointments and promotions. No reforms have been initiated.
Last update 28 March 2025
-
Not implemented
Introduce transparent appointment and promotion procedures for judges.
The appointment of judges remains opaque, with evidence of political favoritism. No transparent scoring or open competition mechanisms have been introduced.
Last update 28 March 2025
-
Not implemented
Ensure enforcement of Constitutional Court decisions by lower courts.
Recent high-profile cases, such as that of Can Atalay, show that lower courts actively resist the implementation of Constitutional Court rulings. This undermines rule of law and has not been addressed by reforms.
Last update 28 March 2025
-
Not implemented
Ensure full independence of prosecutors from the Ministry of Justice.
The appointment and disciplinary control of prosecutors remains under the influence of the Ministry of Justice. No steps have been taken to create an independent prosecutorial council.
Last update 28 March 2025
-
Not implemented
Establish clear case allocation criteria to prevent political manipulation.
Prosecutorial case assignment remains discretionary, and there are credible allegations of politically motivated prosecutions and inaction in grand corruption cases.
Last update 28 March 2025
-
Not implemented
Strengthen whistleblower protection laws to support reporting to prosecutors.
There is no comprehensive whistleblower protection law in Türkiye, and reporting channels to prosecutors remain insecure, discouraging public disclosures.
Last update 28 March 2025
-
Not implemented
Publish all procurement data on a central, open-access platform.
Despite the legal requirement to publish data, procurement platforms remain fragmented and lack comprehensive or user-friendly open data on all contracts.
Last update 28 March 2025
-
Not implemented
Guarantee independence of the Public Procurement Authority through transparent appointments.
The Public Procurement Authority’s leadership continues to be appointed through executive discretion, with no open selection or parliamentary oversight.
Last update 28 March 2025
-
Not implemented
Ensure merit-based recruitment and promotions within law enforcement bodies.
Recruitment and promotion processes remain opaque, with reports of political influence. No reform has been implemented to introduce transparent merit-based mechanisms.
Last update 28 March 2025
-
Not implemented
Introduce judicial oversight of key law enforcement decisions.
There is no independent mechanism or court oversight of key operational decisions by law enforcement, limiting accountability in corruption-related cases.
Last update 28 March 2025
-
Not implemented
Publish regular performance and accountability reports.
Law enforcement agencies do not publish transparent data on misconduct cases or their response to corruption-related enforcement.
Last update 28 March 2025
-
Not implemented
Reform the appointment process of Supreme Board of Elections members to ensure independence.
Members are still appointed by the President, with no parliamentary or civil society input, affecting independence perceptions.
Last update 28 March 2025
-
Not implemented
Publish all election-related decisions and justifications.
While some decisions are shared online, major rulings and justifications—especially controversial ones—often remain inaccessible.
Last update 28 March 2025
-
Not implemented
Ensure real-time transparency in voter registration and result tabulation.
Although preliminary data is provided, there is no open data portal or external auditing of vote tabulation systems.
Last update 28 March 2025
-
Not implemented
Make the Ombudsperson election process transparent and independent.
Appointments remain under political control, with no clear criteria or public participation in candidate selection.
Last update 28 March 2025
-
Not implemented
Extend the Ombudsperson’s mandate to cover all human rights violations.
Current mandate excludes politically sensitive topics and does not include full human rights scope such as gender-based violence.
Last update 28 March 2025
-
Not implemented
Grant the Ombudsperson enforcement powers.
The office may issue recommendations, but these are non-binding and often ignored by authorities. No enforcement mandate exists.
Last update 28 March 2025
-
Not implemented
Audit all public institutions, including SOEs and Türkiye Wealth Fund.
The TCA cannot audit Türkiye Wealth Fund and many SOEs, and legislative changes to expand audit scope have not occurred.
Last update 28 March 2025
-
Not implemented
Introduce parliamentary oversight over audit findings.
There is no specialized parliamentary committee systematically reviewing TCA findings. Discussions are limited or politically influenced.
Last update 28 March 2025
-
Not implemented
Establish a dedicated, independent ACA with investigative and prosecutorial powers.
Türkiye lacks an independent anti-corruption agency. The State Supervisory Council operates under presidential authority and lacks a clear anti-corruption mandate.
Last update 28 March 2025
-
Not implemented
Define anti-corruption responsibilities under Presidential Decree No. 5.
The current decree does not provide a distinct anti-corruption role for any specific body. No amendments have been proposed.
Last update 28 March 2025
-
Not implemented
Ensure full independence and sufficient resourcing of the ACA.
No progress has been made. No institution with a dedicated budget and staffing exists to carry out anti-corruption work independently.
Last update 28 March 2025
-
Not implemented
Mandate annual financial reporting by political parties on their websites.
Parties are not legally required to publish financial statements, and oversight by the Court of Accounts is limited.
Last update 28 March 2025
-
Not implemented
Ensure campaign financing is regulated and audited.
No campaign finance law exists with disclosure requirements. Campaign funding continues to operate without meaningful oversight.
Last update 28 March 2025
-
Not implemented
Adopt internal ethics and anti-corruption rules within party structures.
Most parties do not maintain codes of ethics, and there are no publicly available enforcement mechanisms.
Last update 28 March 2025
-
Not implemented
Prevent cross-ownership by regulating corporate media structures.
Cross-ownership between media and politically connected business groups remains unchecked. No law addresses this risk.
Last update 28 March 2025
-
Not implemented
Ensure transparency of media ownership.
No public registry or requirement for owners to disclose business interests exists. Citizens cannot verify ownership.
Last update 28 March 2025
-
Not implemented
Protect journalists from legal harassment and politically motivated lawsuits.
Dozens of journalists face charges under anti-terror laws and defamation rules. No protections have been introduced.
Last update 28 March 2025
-
Not implemented
Remove restrictions on CSO registration, operation and foreign funding.
The 2020 Law on Associations still imposes undue burdens. Authorities can suspend or fine CSOs arbitrarily.
Last update 28 March 2025
-
Not implemented
Establish transparent, merit-based grant allocation mechanisms for CSOs.
Public grant allocations to CSOs remain opaque and subject to political favouritism.
Last update 28 March 2025
-
Not implemented
Introduce corporate liability for corruption through legislation.
There is no law holding companies accountable for bribery or other corrupt practices. Liability applies only to individuals.
Last update 28 March 2025
-
Not implemented
Mandate internal compliance programs for companies operating in high-risk sectors.
There are no legal requirements for anti-corruption programs in sectors like construction, energy, or mining.
Last update 28 March 2025
-
Not implemented
Offer whistleblower protections to private sector employees.
Whistleblowers face risk of retaliation. No protective legal framework exists for corporate employees disclosing corruption.
Last update 28 March 2025
-
Not implemented
Publish financial and operational reports for all SOEs.
Most SOEs are not obligated to disclose financial information. The Türkiye Wealth Fund is exempt from Court of Accounts audits.
Last update 28 March 2025
-
Not implemented
Ensure political neutrality in board appointments.
Appointments are made by presidential decree without transparency. Boards are filled with politically aligned individuals.
Last update 28 March 2025
-
Not implemented
Subject SOEs to the same procurement and audit laws as public institutions.
SOEs remain exempt from many procurement regulations, creating space for unchecked spending and corruption.
Last update 28 March 2025
