1999/previous cpi/cpi/surveys_indices/policy

The 1999 Transparency International Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI)

Country Rank	Country	1999 CPI Score	Standard Deviation	Surveys Used
1	Denmark	10.0	0.8	9
2	Finland	9.8	0.5	10
3	New Zealand	9.4	0.8	9
3	Sweden	9.4	0.6	10
5	Canada	9.2	0.5	10
5	Iceland	9.2	1.2	6
7	Singapore	9.1	0.9	12
8	Netherlands	9.0	0.5	10
9	Norway	8.9	0.8	9
9	Switzerland	8.9	0.6	11
11	Luxembourg	8.8	0.9	8
12	Australia	8.7	0.7	8
13	United Kingdom	8.6	0.5	11
14	Germany	8.0	0.5	10
15	Hong Kong	7.7	1.6	13
15	Ireland	7.7	1.9	10
17	Austria	7.6	0.8	11
18	USA	7.5	0.8	10
19	Chile	6.9	1.0	9
20	Israel	6.8	1.3	9
21	Portugal	6.7	1.0	10
22	France	6.6	1.0	10
22	Spain	6.6	0.7	10
24	Botswana	6.1	1.7	4
25	Japan	6.0	1.6	12
25	Slovenia	6.0	1.3	6
27	Estonia	5.7	1.2	7
28	Taiwan	5.6	0.9	12
29	Belgium	5.3	1.3	9
29	Namibia	5.3	0.9	3
31	Hungary	5.2	1.1	13
32	Costa Rica	5.1	1.5	7
32	Malaysia	5.1	0.5	12
34	South Africa	5.0	0.8	12
34	Tunisia	5.0	1.9	3
36	Greece	4.9	1.7	9
36	Mauritius	4.9	0.7	4
38	Italy	4.7	0.6	10
39	Czech Republic	4.6	0.8	12
40	Peru	4.5	0.8	6
41	Jordan	4.4	0.8	6
41	Uruguay	4.4	0.9	3
43	Mongolia	4.3	1.0	3
44	Poland	4.2	0.8	12
45	Brazil	4.1	0.8	11
	Malawi	4.1	0.5	4
	Morocco	4.1	1.7	4
	Zimbabwe	4.1	1.4	9
49	El Salvador	3.9	1.9	4
50	Jamaica	3.8	0.4	3
	Lithuania	3.8	0.5	6
	South Korea	3.8	0.9	13
53	Slovak Republic	3.7	1.5	9
54	Philippines	3.6	1.4	12
54	Turkey	3.6	1.0	10
56	Mozambique	3.5	2.2	3
56	Zambia	3.5	1.5	4
58	Belarus	3.4	1.4	6
	China	3.4	0.7	11
	Latvia	3.4	1.3	7
	Mexico	3.4	0.5	9
	Senegal	3.4	0.8	3
63	Bulgaria	3.3	1.4	8
	Egypt	3.3	0.6	5
	Ghana	3.3	1.0	4
	Macedonia	3.3	1.2	5
	Romania	3.3	1.0	6
68	Guatemala	3.2	2.5	3
68	Thailand	3.2	0.7	12
70	Nicaragua	3.1	2.5	3
71	Argentina	3.0	0.8	10
72	Colombia	2.9	0.5	11
72	India	2.9	0.6	14
74	Croatia	2.7	0.9	5
75	Ivory Coast	2.6	1.0	4
	Moldova	2.6	0.8	5
	Ukraine	2.6	1.4	10
	Venezuela	2.6	0.8	9
	Vietnam	2.6	0.5	8
80	Armenia	2.5	0.4	4
80	Bolivia	2.5	1.1	6
82	Ecuador	2.4	1.3	4
82	Russia	2.4	1.0	13
84	Albania	2.3	0.3	5
	Georgia	2.3	0.7	4
	Kazakhstan	2.3	1.3	5
87	Kyrgyz Republic	2.2	0.4	4
	Pakistan	2.2	0.7	3
	Uganda	2.2	0.7	5
90	Kenya	2.0	0.5	4
	Paraguay	2.0	0.8	4
	Yugoslavia	2.0	1.1	6
93	Tanzania	1.9	1.1	4
94	Honduras	1.8	0.5	3
94	Uzbekistan	1.8	0.4	4
96	Azerbaijan	1.7	0.6	5
96	Indonesia	1.7	0.9	12
98	Nigeria	1.6	0.8	5
99	Cameroon	1.5	0.5	4

1999 CPI Notes

1999 CPI Score - relates to perceptions of the degree of corruption as seen by business people, risk analysts and the general public, and ranges between 10 (highly clean) and 0 (highly corrupt).

Surveys Used - refers to the number of surveys that assessed a country's performance. Seventeen surveys were used and at least 3 surveys were required for a country to be included into the 1999 CPI.

Standard Deviation - indicates differences in the values of the sources:
the greater the standard deviation, the greater the differences of perceptions of a country among the sources.

The methodology of the CPI

TI has recently been reviewing the impact of the CPI and ways to improve the application of surveys to raise public understanding of corruption. One result has been the inclusion of 99 countries this year, compared to 85 last year and 52 in 1997.

The author of the index, Dr. Johann Graf Lambsdorff of Göttingen University, noted that the methods used to compile the CPI ensured that no misleading perceptions of individual countries entered the system. "The data in the 1999 CPI may disappoint some governments, especially in countries where distinct efforts to curb corruption have been initiated. To be sure, the CPI may not capture very recent anti-corruption actions in countries. We encourage policy-makers, the media and researchers to seek additional information to complement the CPI rankings, before drawing final conclusions about the economic environment in individual countries. This especially applies to countries ranked on the CPI where the standard deviation is large and where the number of surveys used is small." Please read the framework document for more information.

cpi1999_framework.pdf 84.14 kB

The CPI sources used in 1999 are provided in a separate table.

cpi1999_sources.pdf 21.77 kB