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recommended readings

general

IDEA, Handbook on Funding of Parties and Election Campaigns (IDEA: 2003).
www.idea.int/publications/funding_parties/index.cfm

This book provides an overview of campaign finance legislation and provides recommendations for law enforcement and the promotion of in-party and campaign funding. The handbook includes a database of some 120 countries, providing information about their regulations in relation to political party funding.

Michael Pinto-Duschinsky, 'Financing Politics: A Global View', (Journal of Democracy, vol. 13 no. 4.)

This article explores the link between political finance and corruption, and discusses the difficulties most associated with two of the more popular means to control corruption in party funding: the provision of public subsidies to parties and the enactment of laws political finance. Based on the comparative analysis of over 100 countries rated 'free' or 'partly free' by Freedom House in 2001, one of the key lessons to emerge is the need to prioritise the enforcement of key regulations rather than overly ambitious statutes.

Open Society Justice Initiative, Monitoring Election Campaign Finance: A Handbook for NGOs, (OSJI: 2004) http://www.justiceinitiative.org/publications

This is the most systematic effort to date to bring together and digest the range of campaign finance monitoring experience gained in recent years. Political finance regulations, intended to create a level playing field for electoral competition, are often inadequate. NGOs and activists across the world have begun to monitor campaign finance and advocate reforms in order to reduce the opportunities for corruption, with some promising results. But guidance on the best ways to monitor election campaign finance remains scarce. This handbook provides a collection of good practices and tools, organised in the form of practical guidelines and discussions of key concepts, to assist NGOs in designing and carrying out effective campaign finance monitoring and reform programs tailored to needs in their own countries.

USAID, Money in Politics Handbook: A Guide to Increasing Transparency in Emerging Democracies, (USAID: 2003)
http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/democracy_and_governance/publications/pdfs/pnacr223.pdf

Intended as a practical and applicable guide for explorations into campaign finance and the movement towards disclosure, the report's main author, Gene Ward, argues that the realities of transparency fall well short of the ideals. Many countries say they disclose information on party funding, but in practice make it difficult for the public to access the information or to make sense of it.

Transparency International, Global Corruption Report 2004 (Transparency International: 2004)
www.globalcorruptionreport.org

This book provides an overview of some of the main manifestations of corruption in politics. It is broader than political finance, looking also at questions such as immunity, embezzlement by political leaders and repatriation of the funds they have stolen. The sections on political finance provide an overview of existing regulations and look at some of the enforcement challenges.
By region

Peter M. Manikas and Laura L. Thornton (Eds), Political Parties in Asia: Promoting Reform and Combating Corruption in Eight Countries, (National Democratic Institute for International Affairs: 2004).
http://admin.corisweb.org/files/Manikas2003Political_Parties1093601961.pdf

NDI and CALD researched political party reform experiences in eight Asian countries: Cambodia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Nepal, the Philippines, South Korea, Taiwan, and Thailand. By looking at campaign finance regulation from the perspective of the political parties that it regulates, the research indicates that external controls on parties and candidates in isolation are not enough. Indeed, they may be counterproductive if they prove burdensome and out of step with the realities of political life, reducing transparency by driving political activities underground. Internal party reforms should therefore accompany external reform efforts.

Janis Ikstens, Daniel Smilov and Marcin Walecki, Campaign Finance in Central and Eastern Europe: Lessons Learned and Challenges Ahead, (IFES: 2003)

This IFES publication looks at regulations related to the financing of political parties, presidential candidates and parliamentary campaigns in 17 post-communist countries.


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