Asian Development Bank, 'Combating Corruption on All Fronts: National Efforts', in joint ADB-OECD Conference on Combating Corruption in the Asian and Pacific (ADB-OECD, 2001).

The authors provide an overview of anti-corruption measures taken by authorities in three countries: South Korea, China and Pakistan. Hong-Bin Kang looks at the success of the systematic approach adopted in South Korea, in particular with regard to Seoul. Arguing that the 1997 financial crisis created the political will and leadership needed to fight corruption, Kang notes that the campaign focused on preventive measures based on deregulation, punitive measures based on zero tolerance, transparency based on provision of information via the internet, and enhanced public-private partnership through citizen groups. Zhao Dengju analyses the Chinese Communist Party and government's fight against corruption, discussing both legislative and other developments. Kahlid Maqbool evaluates the progress made by Pakistan in the anti-corruption field. Underlining the colonial and cultural origins of corruption in Pakistan, he argues that lack of political will, a cumbersome judicial system and imperfect accountability structures were the main obstacles to the country's anti-corruption efforts up until the late nineties. This section also lists some of the government's initiatives taken since then in an attempt to overcome these obstacles.

Alan Doig and Stephen Riley, 'Corruption and Anti-Corruption Strategies: Issues and Case Studies from Developing Countries', in Corruption and Integrity Improvement Initiatives in Developing Countries (New York: UNDP, 1998).
http://undp.org/

This chapter discusses the applicability of universal approaches to designing and implementing effective anti-corruption strategies, drawing conclusions from case studies of Botswana, Ecuador, Hong Kong, Tanzania, Mali and Senegal. Having identified the need for individually-tailored strategies, the chapter suggests that one core element in any successful anti-corruption strategy is exceptional political and managerial will, which is necessary to promote and maintain anti-corruption reform.

Michael Johnston, 'Social Development as an Anti-Corruption Strategy', paper presented at 6th IACC (Cancun: TI, 1993).

This paper suggests that social development is a complex, long-term anti-corruption strategy which brings with it the significant risk, particularly in the early phases, of actually creating more corruption problems for a time. The author concludes that social development and the reduction of corruption are extensively interconnected and that achievements in each area can bring success in the other. He suggests that, in the long run, it may well be that these two major challenges produce a convergence of remedies and results.

Daniel Kaufman, 'Revisiting Anti-Corruption Strategies: Tilt Towards Incentive-Driven Approaches?' in Co rruption and Integrity Improvement Initiatives in Developing Countries (New York: UNDP, 1998).
http://magnet.undp.org/Docs/efa/corruption/Chapter04.pdf

This chapter questions the validity of toolkits for anti-corruption strategies to be applied in any setting. Acknowledging that it is impossible to have a long list of solutions in terms of the specific details of an anti-corruption strategy in a particular country, it suggests some emerging principles for the design of anti-corruption strategies. These deviate from ex post legal and institutional detection and enforcement measures and emphasise the importance of country-specific understanding of the forms and determinants of corruption, with a focus on priorities and fundamentals. The chapter also highlights a common denominator for addressing corruption: better understanding of the role of incentives and their incorporation into anti-corruption strategies.

Daniel Kaufmann et al, 'New Frontiers in Diagnosing and Combating Corruption', in PremNote 7 (Washington DC: World Bank, 1998).

The authors of this PremNote suggest that corruption flourishes where policies provide incentives for its development and restraining institutions are weak. Diagnosing corruption helps a country understand the shortcomings in its policies and institutions and design a tailored anti-corruption strategy. Rejecting the contention that corruption cannot be systematically measured, the report stresses that independent and professional empiricism can be a springboard for effective reform by depoliticising the anti-corruption policy debate.

Robert Klitgaard et al, 'Corrupt Cities: A Practical Guide to Cure and Prevention' (Washington DC: Institute for Contemporary Studies, WB, 2000).

In 'Corrupt Cities', the authors discuss novel ways for tackling corruption at the local level. Case studies from New York, Hong Kong, and La Paz are used to demonstrate how approaching and solving seemingly hopeless problems can become a catalyst for successful reform. 'Corrupt Cities' discusses how to diagnose municipal corruption and involve citizens and government in finding and implementing workable solutions using various strategic approaches.

Philliat Matscheza and Constance Kunaka, 'Anti-Corruption Strategies and Mechanisms in Southern Africa' (Harare: Human Rights Research and Documentation Trust of Southern Africa, 2000).

This study aims to identify existing mechanisms and strategies against corruption in the various countries of Southern Africa, providing a comparative analysis of their effectiveness and impact. The study identifies punishment, prevention and public education as the three main principles at the core of any national anti-corruption strategy. It also examines the institutions and mechanisms most commonly used to combat corruption in the region, the respective legal frameworks governing those institutions and recommendations for their improvement.

Jeremy Pope, 'TI Source Book 2000: Confronting Corruption, The Elements of a National Integrity System' (Berlin: Transparency International, 2000).

TI's Source Book contains numerous sections relevant for the design and implementation of the various elements of a national anti-corruption strategy. It introduces the concept of the National Integrity System and discusses its components in detail. The concept rests on the basis that corruption can only be fought effectively in its systemic context. The National Integrity System thus encompasses all those institutions and practices that collectively determine levels of honesty, transparency and accountability in public and commercial life. Where corruption is widespread, tackling isolated problems is likely to be ineffective. Rather, sustainable anti-corruption efforts depend on a number of actors all performing their part. Enforcement alone is seen as inadequate, uncertain and inefficient. The approach must therefore be holistic, including prevention strategies, which minimise corrupt opportunities and reduce corrupt incentives.

Myoung-Ho Shin, 'Developing Effective Anticorruption Strategies in a Changing World', paper presented at 9th IACC (Durban: TI, 1999).
http://ww1.transparency.org/iacc/9th_iacc/papers/day2/plenary/d2pl_mhshin.html

The experiences of Singapore and Hong Kong demonstrate that corruption can be effectively combated if the proper legal and administrative systems are in place. Improved professionalism in the public sector coupled with enhanced accountability, transparency and predictability, can transform systems to the point where incidents of corruption are no longer widespread but isolated and rare.

Alan Rousso and Franklin Steves, 'Anti-corruption Programmes in Post-Communist Transition Countries and Changes in the Business Environment, 1999-2002', EBRD working paper (London: EBRD, 2003).
http://ideas.repec.org/p/wpa/wuwple/0401004.html

This paper analyses the anti-corruption activities of 24 transition countries in the period between 1999-2002. These activities are divided into omnibus anti-corruption programmes, legislative reform aimed at tackling corruption, and adherence to international anti-corruption conventions. The paper presents a new measure for determining the extent of anti-corruption activity undertaken in these three categories during 1999-2002 using survey results from across the region. It presents findings related to the extent of success (and/or failure) of such anti-corruption efforts and establishes correlations between certain measured perceptions of corruption and the intensity of anti-corruption programmes.

UNDP, 'Domestic Reform Strategies', in Corruption and Good Governance (New York: UNDP, 1997).
http://mirror.undp.org/magnet/Docs/efa/corruption3/o_UN-07b_Chp3.pdf

The authors state that government policies and strategies can control the risks of corruption. Domestic ant-corruption policy can both reduce corrupt opportunities as well as increase the probability of detection and punishment. The chapter discusses strategies that reforming countries can consider to reduce the discretion and monopoly power of government officials, improve law enforcement, introduce civil service reform, increase transparency and improve citizen oversight.

UNODC, Anti-Corruption Toolkit (Vienna: UNODC, 2002)
http://www.unodc.org/unodc/corruption_toolkit.html

This is a useful reference tool for use by government, civil society actors and other practitioners in the design and implementation of anti-corruption strategies aimed at strengthening country integrity systems. It covers key components of any comprehensive strategy, such as prevention, enforcement, institution-building, awareness-raising, anti-corruption legislation, monitoring and repatriation of illegal funds. This product draws on lessons learned from both anti-corruption research as well as practical tools captured through technical assistance activities.

World Bank, 'Designing Effective Anti-Corruption Strategies', in Anti-Corruption in Transition. A Contribution to the Policy Debate (Washington DC: World Bank, 2000).
http://lnweb18.worldbank.org/eca/eca.nsf/Attachments/Anticorruption5/$File/chapter5.pdf

Using a constructed heuristic typology devoted largely to transition and post-communist societies, the World Bank suggests a number of potential anti-corruption strategies that are tailored to particular socio-political conditions. The typology is based on levels of state capture and administrative corruption as well as other determinants associated with the institutional capacity of the state. Corruption still persists in all cases, even in conditions of operational pluralism, regulated competition and public service provision. A combination of political will, partnerships, knowledge transfers, transparency, and de-monopolisation as well as a fertile civil society is thought to be needed to enhance the effectiveness of anti-corruption strategies.