Measuring and tracking losses in health service budgets by Britain’s Counter Fraud Service (CFS)
The CFS attempts to accurately measure and track losses to fraud and corruption in each area of the NHS budget. Jim Gee details ways in which they have accurately identified the nature and scale of the problem and mobilised civil society to act as a deterrent to it.
Jim Gee, ‘Fighting Fraud and Corruption in Britain’s National Health Service’, Global Corruption Report 2006, Chapter 2, p46

Cash Registers Inject Transparency and Revenue into Kenya’s Coast Provincial General Hospital
Hospital managers have installed a network of electronic cash registers into Kenya’s Coast Provincial General Hospital in order to detect fraud in the user-fee collection system.
Global Corruption Report 2006, Box 3.1, p53

Summary of a series poverty reduction strategy papers (PRSPs) examining various monitoring tools used to curb corruption in healthcare
The first part of the report includes commentary on household surveys and participatory poverty assessments used to formulate longer term objectives for curbing corruption in healthcare. Weaknesses in PRSP monitoring are also highlighted. The second section of the report looks at areas most in need of monitoring, how best to conduct system monitoring, and for whom and what the information gathered will be useful. Examples given show how certain aspects of financial tracking can lead to policy improvement and exemplifies practical ways in which changing incentives and empowering service users can help combat corruption. The survey also raises questions as to whether community-based monitoring of healthcare services could be extended to national system.
D. Booth and H. Lucas, “Good practice in the development of PRSP indicators and monitoring systems: Integrating PRSP indicators into policy formation processes”, Overseas Development Institute (ODI) Working Paper 172, 2002.

Hospital waiting lists open for scrutiny in Croatia
The Croatian health ministry, with the help of TI Croatia, launched a pilot initiative to publish open waiting lists in an attempt to curb the problem of bribes paid to reduce time spent waiting for treatment. Waiting lists at two major hospitals are now available as hard copies and on the internet. This initiative is set to become a precedent in curbing corruption in healthcare.
‘Hospital Waiting Lists open for Scrutiny in Croatia’, Global Corruption Report Box 3.2, p55

Summary of a series poverty reduction strategy papers (PRSPs) examining various monitoring tools used to curb corruption in healthcare
The first part of the report includes commentary on household surveys and participatory poverty assessments which are used to formulate longer term objectives for curbing corruption in healthcare. Weaknesses in PRSP monitoring are also highlighted. The second section of the report looks at areas most in need of monitoring, how best to conduct procurement monitoring, and for whom and what the information gathered will be useful. Examples given show how certain aspects of financial tracking can lead to policy improvement and exemplifies practical ways in which changing incentives and empowering service users can help combat corruption. The survey also raises questions as to whether community-based monitoring of healthcare services could be extended to national system.
Booth, D. and Lucas, H., “Good practice in the development of PRSP indicators and monitoring systems: Integrating PRSP indicators into policy formation processes”, Overseas Development Institute (ODI) Working Paper 172, 2002.

Survey Tools for Assessing Service Delivery
Although not looking specifically at the health sector, the Public Expenditure Tracking Surveys (PETS), and the Quantative Service Delivery Surveys (QSDS), discussed here illustrate the replicability of such tools for assessing the efficiency of public spending and the quality and quantity of services provided. The first section of the report details the steps involved in the successful design and implementation of PETS and QSDS schemes and includes guidelines and recommendations for data analysis, questionnaire formulation and training.
Jahn Dehn, Ritva Reinikka and Jakob Svensson, “Survey Tools for Assessing Service Delivery”, World Bank, 2002

Operational Principles for Good Pharmaceutical Procurement
Efficient procedures must be in place to select the most cost-effective essential drugs to treat commonly encountered diseases; to quantify needs; to pre-select potential suppliers; to manage procurement and delivery; to ensure good product quality; and to monitor the performance of suppliers and the procurement system. The WHO provides a set of principles which can be reviewed and adapted by individual governments and public or private organizations in the process of developing their own internal procurement procedures.
Essential Drugs and Medicine Policy, World Health Organisation, 1999

Practical Guidelines on Pharmaceutical Procurement for Countries with Small Procurement Agencies
This booklet is especially intended for countries with small procurement agencies. It is intended to provide practical guidelines for the procurement process. Pre-qualification of suppliers receives special attention as a means of ensuring the purchase of products of good quality. An effective procurement process will make an important contribution to the establishment of a reliable and good quality health service.
World Health Organisation Regional Office for the Western Pacific, Manila, Philippines, 2002

Technical Note on the Procurement of Health Sector Goods
This Technical Note accompanies the Standard Bidding Documents (SBDs) for health sector goods. The SBDs for health sector goods were introduced to facilitate uniformity of approach in the procurement of these items. For example, pharmaceuticals, vaccines, and contraceptives differ greatly from other goods and significant price differences can exist between brand name and generic products. The procurement of medical equipment raises additional complications. Broad specifications that will encourage competition and fair and transparent evaluations of procurement processes are offered here.
Washington DC, World Bank, 2002

International Drug Price Indicator Guide
Management Sciences for Health (MSH) provides a spectrum of prices from pharmaceutical suppliers and procurement agencies, based on their current catalogues or price lists. It also contains prices obtained from international development organizations and government agencies.
Management Sciences for health and WHO, 2001

Drug Price Monitoring Tool
The World Health Organization Department of Essential Drugs and Medicines Policy and Health Action International (HAI) have developed a drug price monitoring tool that could be used for transparency initiatives. In May 2003 HAI and the WHO Department of Essential Drugs and Medicines Policy published a working draft of a manual to collect and analyse the prices people pay for a selection of important medicines, as well as identifying price components (taxes, mark-ups etc.) and the affordability and availability of key medicines. Governments, NGOs and others concerned about the prices of medicines are encouraged to undertake a survey using the methodology outlined in the manual. Reliable data is the first step to exploring policy options and taking action.
Health Action Europe

Ethical principles for conducting clinical trials: Guidelines for Good Clinical Practice of the International Conference on Harmonization.
Good Clinical Practice (GCP) is an international ethical and scientific quality standard for designing, conducting, recording and reporting trials that involve the participation of human subjects. Compliance with this standard provides public assurance that the rights, safety and well-being of trial subjects are protected, consistent with the principles that have their origin in the Declaration of Helsinki, and that the clinical trial data are credible. The objective of this ICH GCP Guideline is to provide a unified standard for the European Union (EU), Japan and the United States to facilitate the mutual acceptance of clinical data by the regulatory authorities in these jurisdictions. This guideline should be followed when generating clinical trial data that are intended to be submitted to regulatory authorities. The principles established in this guideline may also be applied to other clinical investigations that may have an impact on the safety and well-being of human subjects.

Ethical Criteria for Medicinal Drug Promotion
Geneva, WHO, 1998

WHO Essential Medicines List
The concept of essential medicines is forward-looking. It incorporates the need to regularly update medicines selections to reflect new therapeutic options and changing therapeutic needs; the need to ensure drug quality; and the need for continued development of better medicines, medicines for emerging diseases, and medicines to meet changing resistance. Essential medicines are intended to be available within the context of functioning health systems at all times in adequate amounts, in the appropriate dosage forms, with assured quality, and at a price the individual and the community can afford. The Model List is a guide for the development of national and institutional essential medicine lists.

Transparency International’s Business Principles for Countering Bribery
The Business Principles aim to provide a practical tool to which companies can look for a comprehensive reference to good practice to counter bribery. TI hopes that the Business Principles will become an essential tool for businesses and we encourage companies to consider using them as a starting point for developing their own anti-bribery systems or as a benchmark.